实用 | GitHub上一位老外的嵌入式C编码规范(收藏细读)
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英文原文:https://github.com/MaJerle/c-code-style#structures-enumerations-typedefs
译文来源:嵌入式大杂烩
最重要的一条规则
编写代码时最重要的一条规则是:检查周围的代码并尝试模仿它。
作为维护人员,如果收到的补丁明显与周围代码的编码风格不同,这是令人沮丧的。这是不尊重人的,就像某人穿着泥泞的鞋子走进一间一尘不染的房子。
因此,无论本文推荐的是什么,如果已经编写了代码并且您正在对其进行修补,请保持其当前的样式一致,即使它不是您最喜欢的样式。
一般规则
这里列出了最明显和最重要的一般规则。在你继续阅读其他章节之前,请仔细检查它们。
-
使用C99标准
-
不使用制表符,而是使用空格
-
每个缩进级别使用4个空格
-
在关键字和左括号之间使用一个空格
-
在函数名和左括号之间不要使用空格
int32_t a = sum(4, 3); /* OK */ int32_t a = sum (4, 3); /* Wrong */
-
不要在变量/函数/宏/类型中使用__或_前缀。这是为C语言本身保留的
-
对于严格的模块私有函数,使用prv_ name前缀
-
对于包含下划线_ char的变量/函数/宏/类型,只能使用小写字母
-
左花括号总是与关键字(for, while, do, switch, if,…)在同一行
size_t i; for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { /* OK */ } for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i){ /* Wrong */ } for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) /* Wrong */ {
}
-
在比较操作符和赋值操作符之前和之后使用单个空格
int32_t a;
a = 3 + 4; /* OK */ for (a = 0; a < 5; ++a) /* OK */ a=3+4; /* Wrong */ a = 3+4; /* Wrong */ for (a=0;a<5;++a) /* Wrong */
-
每个逗号后用单空格
func_name(5, 4); /* OK */ func_name(4,3); /* Wrong */
-
不要初始化静态和全局变量为0(或NULL),让编译器为您做
static int32_t a; /* OK */ static int32_t b = 4; /* OK */ static int32_t a = 0; /* Wrong */ void my_func(void) { static int32_t* ptr;/* OK */ static char abc = 0;/* Wrong */ }
-
在同一行中声明所有相同类型的局部变量
void my_func(void) { char a; /* OK */ char b; /* Wrong, variable with char type already exists */ char a, b; /* OK */ }
-
按顺序声明局部变量
i.自定义结构和枚举
ii.整数类型,更宽的无符号类型优先
iii.单/双浮点
int my_func(void) { /* 1 */ my_struct_t my; /* First custom structures */ my_struct_ptr_t* p; /* Pointers too */ /* 2 */ uint32_t a; int32_t b; uint16_t c; int16_t g; char h; /* ... */ /* 3 */ double d; float f;
}
-
总是在块的开头声明局部变量,在第一个可执行语句之前
-
在for循环中声明计数器变量
/* OK */ for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) /* OK, if you need counter variable later */ size_t i; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { if (...) { break;
}
} if (i == 10) {
} /* Wrong */ size_t i; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) ...
-
避免在声明中使用函数调用来赋值变量,除了单个变量
void a(void) { /* Avoid function calls when declaring variable */ int32_t a, b = sum(1, 2); /* Use this */ int32_t a, b;
b = sum(1, 2); /* This is ok */ uint8_t a = 3, b = 4;
}
-
除了char、float或double之外,始终使用stdint.h标准库中声明的类型。例如,8位的uint8_t等
-
不要使用stdbool.h库。分别使用1或0表示真或假
/* OK */ uint8_t status;
status = 0; /* Wrong */ #include bool status = true;
-
永远不要与真实相比较。例如,使用if(check_func()){…}替换if (check_func() == 1)
-
总是将指针与空值进行比较
void* ptr; /* ... */ /* OK, compare against NULL */ if (ptr == NULL || ptr != NULL) {
} /* Wrong */ if (ptr || !ptr) {
}
-
总是使用前增量(和递减),而不是后增量(和递减)
int32_t a = 0;
...
a++; /* Wrong */ ++a; /* OK */ for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {} /* OK */
-
总是使用size_t作为长度或大小变量
-
如果函数不应该修改指针所指向的内存,则总是使用const作为指针
-
如果不应该修改函数的形参或变量,则总是使用const
/* When d could be modified, data pointed to by d could not be modified */ void my_func(const void* d) {
} /* When d and data pointed to by d both could not be modified */ void my_func(const void* const d) {
} /* Not required, it is advised */ void my_func(const size_t len) {
} /* When d should not be modified inside function, only data pointed to by d could be modified */ void my_func(void* const d) {
}
-
当函数可以接受任何类型的指针时,总是使用void *,不要使用uint8_t *。函数在实现时必须注意正确的类型转换
/*
* To send data, function should not modify memory pointed to by `data` variable
* thus `const` keyword is important
*
* To send generic data (or to write them to file)
* any type may be passed for data,
* thus use `void *`
*/ /* OK example */ void send_data(const void* data, size_t len) { /* OK */ /* Do not cast `void *` or `const void *` */ const uint8_t* d = data;/* Function handles proper type for internal usage */ } void send_data(const void* data, int len) { /* Wrong, not not use int */ }
-
总是使用括号和sizeof操作符
-
不要使用变长数组。使用动态内存分配代替标准C malloc和自由函数,或者如果库/项目提供了自定义内存分配,使用它的实现
看看LwMEM,一个自定义内存管理库。
/* OK */ #include void my_func(size_t size) { int32_t* arr;
arr = malloc(sizeof(*arr) * n); /* OK, Allocate memory */ arr = malloc(sizeof *arr * n); /* Wrong, brackets for sizeof operator are missing */ if (arr == NULL) { /* FAIL, no memory */ } free(arr); /* Free memory after usage */ } /* Wrong */ void my_func(size_t size) { int32_t arr[size]; /* Wrong, do not use VLA */ }
-
总是将variable与0进行比较,除非它被视为布尔类型
-
永远不要将布尔处理的变量与0或1进行比较。用NOT(!)代替
size_t length = 5; /* Counter variable */ uint8_t is_ok = 0; /* Boolean-treated variable */ if (length) /* Wrong, length is not treated as boolean */ if (length > 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */ if (length == 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */ if (is_ok) /* OK, variable is treated as boolean */ if (!is_ok) /* OK, -||- */ if (is_ok == 1) /* Wrong, never compare boolean variable against 1! */ if (is_ok == 0) /* Wrong, use ! for negative check */
-
对于注释,总是使用/* comment */,即使是单行注释
-
在头文件中总是包含带有extern关键字的c++检查
-
每个函数都必须包含doxygen-enabled注释,即使函数是静态的
-
使用英文名称/文本的函数,变量,注释
-
变量使用小写字母
-
如果变量包含多个名称,请使用下划线。force_redraw。不要使用forceRedraw
-
对于C标准库的包含文件,请始终使用<和>。例如,# include < stdlib.h >
-
对于自定义库,请始终使用""。例如,# include“my_library.h”
-
当转换为指针类型时,总是将星号与类型对齐,例如。uint8_t* t = (uint8_t*)var_width_diff_type
-
始终尊重项目或库中已经使用的代码风格
注释
-
不允许以//开头的注释。总是使用/* comment */,即使是单行注释
//This is comment (wrong) /* This is comment (ok) */
-
对于多行注释,每行使用空格+星号
/*
* This is multi-line comments,
* written in 2 lines (ok)
*/ /**
* Wrong, use double-asterisk only for doxygen documentation
*/ /*
* Single line comment without space before asterisk (wrong)
*/ /*
* Single line comment in multi-line configuration (wrong)
*/ /* Single line comment (ok) */
-
注释时使用12个缩进(12 * 4个空格)偏移量。如果语句大于12个缩进,将注释4-空格对齐(下面的例子)到下一个可用缩进
void my_func(void) { char a, b;
a = call_func_returning_char_a(a); /* This is comment with 12*4 spaces indent from beginning of line */ b = call_func_returning_char_a_but_func_name_is_very_long(a); /* This is comment, aligned to 4-spaces indent */ }
函数
-
每个可以从模块外部访问的函数都必须包含函数原型(或声明)
-
函数名必须小写,可以用下划线_分隔
/* OK */ void my_func(void); void myfunc(void); /* Wrong */ void MYFunc(void); void myFunc();
-
当函数返回指针时,将星号对齐到返回类型
/* OK */ const char* my_func(void); my_struct_t* my_func(int32_t a, int32_t b); /* Wrong */ const char *my_func(void); my_struct_t * my_func(void);
-
对齐所有的功能原型(使用相同/相似的功能)以提高可读性
/* OK, function names aligned */ void set(int32_t a); my_type_t get(void); my_ptr_t* get_ptr(void); /* Wrong */ void set(int32_t a); const char * get(void);
-
函数实现必须在单独的行中包含返回类型和可选的其他关键字
/* OK */ int32_t foo(void) { return 0;
} /* OK */ static const char* get_string(void) { return "Hello world!\r\n";
} /* Wrong */ int32_t foo(void) { return 0;
}
变量
-
使变量名全部小写,下划线_字符可选
/* OK */ int32_t a; int32_t my_var; int32_t myvar; /* Wrong */ int32_t A; int32_t myVar; int32_t MYVar;
-
按类型将局部变量分组在一起
void foo(void) { int32_t a, b; /* OK */ char a; char b; /* Wrong, char type already exists */ }
-
不要在第一个可执行语句之后声明变量
void foo(void) { int32_t a;
a = bar(); int32_t b; /* Wrong, there is already executable statement */ }
-
你可以在下一个缩进级别中声明新的变量
int32_t a, b;
a = foo(); if (a) { int32_t c, d; /* OK, c and d are in if-statement scope */ c = foo(); int32_t e; /* Wrong, there was already executable statement inside block */ }
-
用星号声明指针变量与类型对齐
/* OK */ char* a; /* Wrong */ char *a; char * a;
-
当声明多个指针变量时,可以使用星号对变量名进行声明
/* OK */ char *p, *n;
结构、枚举类型定义
-
结构名或枚举名必须小写,单词之间有下划线_字符
-
结构或枚举可以包含typedef关键字
-
所有结构成员都必须小写
-
所有枚举成员必须是大写的
-
结构/枚举必须遵循doxygen文档语法
在声明结构体时,它可以使用以下三种不同的选项之一:
1、当结构体仅用名称声明时,它的名称后不能包含_t后缀。
struct struct_name { char* a; char b;
};
2、当只使用typedef声明结构时,它的名称后面必须包含_t后缀。
typedef struct { char* a; char b;
} struct_name_t;
3、当结构用name和typedef声明时,它不能包含_t作为基本名称,它必须在它的名称后面包含_t后缀作为typedef部分。
typedef struct struct_name { char* a; char b; char c;
} struct_name_t;
错误声明的例子及其建议的纠正:
/* a and b must be separated to 2 lines */ /* Name of structure with typedef must include _t suffix */ typedef struct { int32_t a, b;
} a; /* Corrected version */ typedef struct { int32_t a; int32_t b;
} a_t; /* Wrong name, it must not include _t suffix */ struct name_t { int32_t a; int32_t b;
}; /* Wrong parameters, must be all uppercase */ typedef enum {
MY_ENUM_TESTA,
my_enum_testb,
} my_enum_t;
-
在声明时初始化结构时,使用C99初始化风格
/* OK */ a_t a = {
.a = 4,
.b = 5,
}; /* Wrong */ a_t a = {1, 2};
-
当为函数句柄引入new typedef时,使用_fn后缀
/* Function accepts 2 parameters and returns uint8_t */ /* Name of typedef has `_fn` suffix */ typedef uint8_t (*my_func_typedef_fn)(uint8_t p1, const char* p2);
复合语句
-
每个复合语句必须包括左花括号和右花括号,即使它只包含1个嵌套语句
-
每个复合语句必须包含单个缩进;嵌套语句时,每个嵌套包含1个缩进大小
/* OK */ if (c) {
do_a();
} else {
do_b();
} /* Wrong */ if (c)
do_a(); else do_b(); /* Wrong */ if (c) do_a(); else do_b();
-
在if或if-else-if语句的情况下,else必须与第一条语句的右括号在同一行
/* OK */ if (a) {
} else if (b) {
} else {
} /* Wrong */ if (a) {
} else {
} /* Wrong */ if (a) {
} else {
}
-
在do-while语句的情况下,while部分必须与do部分的右括号在同一行
/* OK */ do { int32_t a;
a = do_a();
do_b(a);
} while (check()); /* Wrong */ do { /* ... */ } while (check()); /* Wrong */ do { /* ... */ } while (check());
-
每一个开括号都需要缩进
if (a) {
do_a();
} else {
do_b(); if (c) {
do_c();
}
}
-
不要做没有花括号的复合语句,即使是单个语句。下面的例子展示了一些不好的做法
if (a) do_b(); else do_c(); if (a) do_a(); else do_b();
-
空while循环、do-while循环或for循环必须包含花括号
/* OK */ while (is_register_bit_set()) {} /* Wrong */ while (is_register_bit_set()); while (is_register_bit_set()) { } while (is_register_bit_set()) {
}
-
如果while(或for、do-while等)为空(嵌入式编程中也可能是这种情况),请使用空的单行括号
/* Wait for bit to be set in embedded hardware unit
uint32_t* addr = HW_PERIPH_REGISTER_ADDR;
/* Wait bit 13 to be ready */ while (*addr & (1 << 13)) {} /* OK, empty loop contains no spaces inside curly brackets */ while (*addr & (1 << 13)) { } /* Wrong */ while (*addr & (1 << 13)) { /* Wrong */ } while (*addr & (1 << 13)); /* Wrong, curly brackets are missing. Can lead to compiler warnings or unintentional bugs */
-
尽量避免在循环块内递增变量,参见示例
/* Not recommended */ int32_t a = 0; while (a < 10) {
.
..
...
++a;
} /* Better */ for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ++a) {
} /* Better, if inc may not happen in every cycle */ for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ) { if (...) {
++a;
}
}
分支语句
-
为每个case语句添加单个缩进
-
使用额外的单缩进break语句在每个case或default
/* OK, every case has single indent */ /* OK, every break has additional indent */ switch (check()) { case 0:
do_a(); break; case 1:
do_b(); break; default: break;
} /* Wrong, case indent missing */ switch (check()) { case 0:
do_a(); break; case 1:
do_b(); break; default: break;
} /* Wrong */ switch (check()) { case 0:
do_a(); break; /* Wrong, break must have indent as it is under case */ case 1:
do_b(); /* Wrong, indent under case is missing */ break; default: break;
}
-
总是包含default语句
/* OK */ switch (var) { case 0:
do_job(); break; default: break;
} /* Wrong, default is missing */ switch (var) { case 0:
do_job(); break;
}
-
如果需要局部变量,则使用花括号并在里面放入break语句。将左花括号放在case语句的同一行
switch (a) { /* OK */ case 0: { int32_t a, b; char c;
a = 5; /* ... */ break;
} /* Wrong */ case 1:
{ int32_t a; break;
} /* Wrong, break shall be inside */ case 2: { int32_t a;
} break;
}
宏和预处理指令
-
总是使用宏而不是文字常量,特别是对于数字
-
所有的宏必须是全大写的,并带有下划线_字符(可选),除非它们被明确标记为function,将来可能会被常规函数语法替换
/* OK */ #define MY_MACRO(x) ((x) * (x)) /* Wrong */ #define square(x) ((x) * (x))
-
总是用圆括号保护输入参数
/* OK */ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) /* Wrong */ #define MIN(x, y) x < y ? x : y
-
总是用括号保护最终的宏计算
/* Wrong */ #define MIN(x, y) (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y) #define SUM(x, y) (x) + (y) /* Imagine result of this equation using wrong SUM implementation */ int32_t x = 5 * SUM(3, 4); /* Expected result is 5 * 7 = 35 */ int32_t x = 5 * (3) + (4); /* It is evaluated to this, final result = 19 which is not what we expect */ /* Correct implementation */ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) #define SUM(x, y) ((x) + (y))
-
当宏使用多个语句时,使用do-while(0)语句保护它
typedef struct { int32_t px, py;
} point_t; point_t p; /* Define new point */ /* Wrong implementation */ /* Define macro to set point */ #define SET_POINT(p, x, y) (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y) /* 2 statements. Last one should not implement semicolon */ SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4); /* Set point to position 3, 4. This evaluates to... */ (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); /* ... to this. In this example this is not a problem. */ /* Consider this ugly code, however it is valid by C standard (not recommended) */ if (a) /* If a is true */ if (b) /* If b is true */ SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */ else SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */ /* Evaluates to code below. Do you see the problem? */ if (a) if (b)
(&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); else (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); /* Or if we rewrite it a little */ if (a) if (b)
(&p)->px = (3);
(&p)->py = (4); else (&p)->px = (5);
(&p)->py = (6); /*
* Ask yourself a question: To which `if` statement `else` keyword belongs?
*
* Based on first part of code, answer is straight-forward. To inner `if` statement when we check `b` condition
* Actual answer: Compilation error as `else` belongs nowhere
*/ /* Better and correct implementation of macro */ #define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { (p)->px = (x); (p)->py = (y); } while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */ /* Or even better */ #define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { \ /* Backslash indicates statement continues in new line */ (p)->px = (x); \
(p)->py = (y); \
} while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop */ /* Now original code evaluates to */ if (a) if (b) do { (&p)->px = (3); (&p)->py = (4); } while (0); else do { (&p)->px = (5); (&p)->py = (6); } while (0); /* Every part of `if` or `else` contains only `1` inner statement (do-while), hence this is valid evaluation */ /* To make code perfect, use brackets for every if-ifelse-else statements */ if (a) { /* If a is true */ if (b) { /* If b is true */ SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */ } else {
SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */ }
}
-
不缩进子语句内#if语句
/* OK */ #if defined(XYZ) #if defined(ABC) /* do when ABC defined */ #endif /* defined(ABC) */ #else /* defined(XYZ) */ /* Do when XYZ not defined */ #endif /* !defined(XYZ) */ /* Wrong */ #if defined(XYZ) #if defined(ABC) /* do when ABC defined */ #endif /* defined(ABC) */ #else /* defined(XYZ) */ /* Do when XYZ not defined */ #endif /* !defined(XYZ) */
文档
文档化的代码允许doxygen解析和通用的html/pdf/latex输出,因此正确地执行是非常重要的。
-
对变量、函数和结构/枚举使用doxygen支持的文档样式
-
经常使用\作为doxygen,不要使用@
-
始终使用5x4空格(5个制表符)作为文本行开始的偏移量
/**
* \brief Holds pointer to first entry in linked list
* Beginning of this text is 5 tabs (20 spaces) from beginning of line
*/ static type_t* list;
-
每个结构/枚举成员都必须包含文档
-
注释的开头使用12x4空格偏移量
/**
* \brief This is point struct
* \note This structure is used to calculate all point
* related stuff
*/ typedef struct { int32_t x; /*!< Point X coordinate */ int32_t y; /*!< Point Y coordinate */ int32_t size; /*!< Point size. Since comment is very big, you may go to next line */ } point_t; /**
* \brief Point color enumeration
*/ typedef enum {
COLOR_RED, /*!< Red color. This comment has 12x4 spaces offset from beginning of line */ COLOR_GREEN, /*!< Green color */ COLOR_BLUE, /*!< Blue color */ } point_color_t;
-
函数的文档必须在函数实现中编写(通常是源文件)
-
函数必须包括简要和所有参数文档
-
如果每个参数分别为in或out输入和输出,则必须注意
-
如果函数返回某个值,则必须包含返回形参。这不适用于void函数
-
函数可以包含其他doxygen关键字,如note或warning
-
在参数名和描述之间使用冒号:
/**
* \brief Sum `2` numbers
* \param[in] a: First number
* \param[in] b: Second number
* \return Sum of input values
*/ int32_t sum(int32_t a, int32_t b) { return a + b;
} /**
* \brief Sum `2` numbers and write it to pointer
* \note This function does not return value, it stores it to pointer instead
* \param[in] a: First number
* \param[in] b: Second number
* \param[out] result: Output variable used to save result
*/ void void_sum(int32_t a, int32_t b, int32_t* result) {
*result = a + b;
}
-
如果函数返回枚举的成员,则使用ref关键字指定哪个成员
/**
* \brief My enumeration
*/ typedef enum {
MY_ERR, /*!< Error value */ MY_OK /*!< OK value */ } my_enum_t; /**
* \brief Check some value
* \return \ref MY_OK on success, member of \ref my_enum_t otherwise
*/ my_enum_t check_value(void) { return MY_OK;
}
-
对常量或数字使用符号(' NULL ' => NULL)
/**
* \brief Get data from input array
* \param[in] in: Input data
* \return Pointer to output data on success, `NULL` otherwise
*/ const void * get_data(const void* in) { return in;
}
-
宏的文档必须包括hideinitializer doxygen命令
/**
* \brief Get minimal value between `x` and `y`
* \param[in] x: First value
* \param[in] y: Second value
* \return Minimal value between `x` and `y`
* \hideinitializer
*/ #define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
头/源文件
-
在文件末尾留下一个空行
-
每个文件都必须包括文件的doxygen注释和后跟空行的简要描述(使用doxygen时)
/**
* \file template.h
* \brief Template include file
*/ /* Here is empty line */
-
每个文件(头文件或源文件)必须包含许可证(开始注释包括单个星号,因为doxygen必须忽略这个)
-
使用与项目/库已经使用的相同的许可证
/**
* \file template.h
* \brief Template include file
*/ /*
* Copyright (c) year FirstName LASTNAME
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
* obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
* files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
* including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
* publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
* and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
* subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
* OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
* HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
* WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
* OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
* This file is part of library_name.
*
* Author: FirstName LASTNAME
*/