Binder机制学习总结之Java接口部分
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因为上一节service manager中，对于binder通信的客户端（BpServiceManager）和服务端（service manager进程）已经有比较详细的解释，所以，不再对于Binder通信的client端和server端做分析，有兴趣的同学可以看看MediaPlayerService和MediaPlayer,网上很多资料有讲解。
当目前为止，所有的代码都是以C/C++语言的，但是，App开发者通常使用Java语言，那么Java是如何使用Binder通信的呢？
AIDL 很多时候，我们是通过aidl（Android Interface Define Language）间接的使用Binder机制的。例如，我们准备了下面这样一个aidl文件：
package com.ray.example;
interface RInterface {
void hello(String message);
}经过IDE的编译，我们会得到下面这样的Java文件：
/*___Generated_by_IDEA___*/
/*
* This file is auto-generated. DO NOT MODIFY.
* Original file: /home/ray/Learning&Study/BinderProProject/SearchApp/src/main/java/com/ray/example/RInterface.aidl
*/
package com.ray.example;
public interface RInterface extends android.os.IInterface
{
/** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */
public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements com.ray.example.RInterface
{
private static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTOR = "com.ray.example.RInterface";
/** Construct the stub at attach it to the interface. */
public Stub()
{
this.attachInterface(this, DESCRIPTOR);
}
/**
* Cast an IBinder object into an com.ray.example.RInterface interface,
* generating a proxy if needed.
*/
public static com.ray.example.RInterface asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj)
{
if ((obj==null)) {
return null;
}
android.os.IInterface iin = obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
if (((iin!=null)&&(iin instanceof com.ray.example.RInterface))) {
return ((com.ray.example.RInterface)iin);
}
return new com.ray.example.RInterface.Stub.Proxy(obj);
}
@Override public android.os.IBinder asBinder()
{
return this;
}
@Override public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
switch (code)
{
case INTERFACE_TRANSACTION:
{
reply.writeString(DESCRIPTOR);
return true;
}
case TRANSACTION_hello:
{
data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
java.lang.String _arg0;
_arg0 = data.readString();
this.hello(_arg0);
reply.writeNoException();
return true;
}
}
return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
}
private static class Proxy implements com.ray.example.RInterface
{
private android.os.IBinder mRemote;
Proxy(android.os.IBinder remote)
{
mRemote = remote;
}
@Override public android.os.IBinder asBinder()
{
return mRemote;
}
public java.lang.String getInterfaceDescriptor()
{
return DESCRIPTOR;
}
@Override public void hello(java.lang.String message) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
_data.writeString(message);
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_hello, _data, _reply, 0);
_reply.readException();
}
finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}
}
}
static final int TRANSACTION_hello = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 0);
}
public void hello(java.lang.String message) throws android.os.RemoteException;
}编译产生的java文件提供了三个对象：
RInterface接口：继承自IInterface接口，并且有一个hello的成员函数。作为server和client之间的约定，双方都会使用。
RInterface.Stub抽象类：继承自Binder类，并且提供了onTransact函数的实现，以及静态函数asInterface。
RInterface.Stub.Proxy类：实现了RInterface接口，实现了hello函数。
XXXX.Stub 主要由Server端实现，Server端通过继承本类，来提供具体的处理逻辑。通常，在Server端，我们会有如下代码：
package com.ray.example;
import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.util.Log;
/**
* Created by ray on 2/7/14.
*/
public class RServer extends RInterface.Stub {
public final String TAG_RAY = "ray";
@Override
public void hello(String message) throws RemoteException {
Log.i(TAG_RAY,"Hello~ " + message);
}
} 这里通过重载来hello函数来提供具体的处理逻辑。而hello函数是如何被调用的呢？这就需要回顾RInterface.Stub类对于onTransact函数的重载：
@Override public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
switch (code)
{
case INTERFACE_TRANSACTION:
{
reply.writeString(DESCRIPTOR);
return true;
}
case TRANSACTION_hello:
{
data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
java.lang.String _arg0;
_arg0 = data.readString();
this.hello(_arg0);
reply.writeNoException();
return true;
}
}
return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
}当onTransact函数被以特定的参数调用时,hello函数会被调用：
static final int TRANSACTION_hello = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 0);
Android系统约定，code必须大于等于
int FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION = 0x00000001;
并且，小于等于
int LAST_CALL_TRANSACTION = 0x00ffffff;
否则，code可能和Binder协议的一些保留code冲突。 至于onTransact函数是如何被调用，就需要涉及到Binder类的内部实现，我们稍后分析。 XXXX.Stub.Proxy 主要由Client端使用，顾名思义，担当Server的代理角色。 通常，在Clent端，会有类似如下的代码：
package com.ray.example;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.RemoteException;
/**
* Created by ray on 2/7/14.
*/
public class RClient {
private RInterface mRInterface;
public RClient (IBinder binder){
mRInterface = RInterface.Stub.asInterface(binder);
}
public void sayHello(String message) throws RemoteException {
mRInterface.hello("Ray");
}
}而，我们知道Rinterface.Stub.asInterface函数会构造一个RInterface.Stub.Proxy类的实例，并返回：
public static com.ray.example.RInterface asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj)
{
if ((obj==null)) {
return null;
}
android.os.IInterface iin = obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
if (((iin!=null)&&(iin instanceof com.ray.example.RInterface))) {
return ((com.ray.example.RInterface)iin);
}
return new com.ray.example.RInterface.Stub.Proxy(obj);
}所以，客户端的mRInterface实际上是RInterface.Stub.Proxy。而调用Proxy对于hello的实现：
@Override public void hello(java.lang.String message) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
_data.writeString(message);
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_hello, _data, _reply, 0);//mRemote的类型为IBinder
_reply.readException();
}
finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}很明显的，是通过Binder机制转发请求，但是mRemote是如何实现transaction函数的呢？我们暂时还不知道。 小结 aidl文件编译成java文件时，提供了三个对象：XXXX接口，这个接口根据aidl文件的内容生成，作为通信双方的约定。XXXX.Stub抽象类，这个抽象类继承自Binder类。它实现了从Binder中读取到数据以后，呼叫业务逻辑处理代码的功能。Server端通过继承并实现业务逻辑来使用它。XXXX.Stub.Proxy类，这个类封装了一个IBinder接口，它实现了把Client端请求通过Binder发送到Server端的功能。Client可以通过XXXX.Stub.asInterface函数来获得XXXX.Stub.Proxy实例。 IBinder接口 IBinder接口的声明，并不难理解：
public interface IBinder {
int FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION = 0x00000001;
int LAST_CALL_TRANSACTION = 0x00ffffff;
//异步binder
int FLAG_ONEWAY = 0x00000001;
public String getInterfaceDescriptor() throws RemoteException;
public boolean pingBinder();
public boolean isBinderAlive();
public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor);
public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException;
public void dumpAsync(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException;
//进行binder通信
public boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags)
throws RemoteException;
//死亡通知
public interface DeathRecipient {
public void binderDied();
}
//注册死亡通知
public void linkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags)
throws RemoteException;
//注销死亡通知
public boolean unlinkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags);
}Binder类 Binder类的声明有点长，所以，这边仅仅列出几个重点函数：
public class Binder implements IBinder {
/* mObject is used by native code, do not remove or rename */
private int mObject;
private IInterface mOwner;
private String mDescriptor;
// client端的进程id
public static final native int getCallingPid();
// client端的用户id
public static final native int getCallingUid();
// 清除client端的进程id和用户id
public static final native long clearCallingIdentity();
public Binder() {
init();
}
/**
* Default implementation is a stub that returns false. You will want
* to override this to do the appropriate unmarshalling of transactions.
*
* If you want to call this, call transact().*/ protected boolean onTransact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException { if (code == INTERFACE_TRANSACTION) { reply.writeString(getInterfaceDescriptor()); return true; } else if (code == DUMP_TRANSACTION) { ParcelFileDescriptor fd = data.readFileDescriptor(); String[] args = data.readStringArray(); if (fd != null) { try { dump(fd.getFileDescriptor(), args); } finally { try { fd.close(); } catch (IOException e) { // swallowed, not propagated back to the caller } } } // Write the StrictMode header. if (reply != null) { reply.writeNoException(); } else { StrictMode.clearGatheredViolations(); } return true; } return false; } /** * Default implementation rewinds the parcels and calls onTransact. On * the remote side, transact calls into the binder to do the IPC. */ public final boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException { if (false) Log.v("Binder", "Transact: " + code + " to " + this); if (data != null) { data.setDataPosition(0); } boolean r = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); if (reply != null) { reply.setDataPosition(0); } return r; } protected void finalize() throws Throwable { try { destroy(); } finally { super.finalize(); } } private native final void init(); private native final void destroy(); // Entry point from android_util_Binder.cpp's onTransact private boolean execTransact(int code, int dataObj, int replyObj, int flags) { Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(dataObj); Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(replyObj); // theoretically, we should call transact, which will call onTransact, // but all that does is rewind it, and we just got these from an IPC, // so we'll just call it directly. boolean res; try { res = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); } catch (RemoteException e) { reply.setDataPosition(0); reply.writeException(e); res = true; } catch (RuntimeException e) { reply.setDataPosition(0); reply.writeException(e); res = true; } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) { RuntimeException re = new RuntimeException("Out of memory", e); reply.setDataPosition(0); reply.writeException(re); res = true; } reply.recycle(); data.recycle(); return res; }
到目前为止，我们似乎还没发现Java的Binder类和native层的C++Binder接口存在什么联系，不过，我们还没看过Binder类的原生方法。 android_os_Binder_init
static void android_os_Binder_init(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj)
{
JavaBBinderHolder* jbh = new JavaBBinderHolder();
if (jbh == NULL) {
jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/OutOfMemoryError", NULL);
return;
}
ALOGV("Java Binder %p: acquiring first ref on holder %p", obj, jbh);
jbh->incStrong((void*)android_os_Binder_init);
env->SetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject, (int)jbh);
}init函数构造了一个JavaBBinderHolder实例，看起来奥秘应该就在这个JavaBBinderHolder中了。不过，在此之前，我们先解释下
env->SetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject, (int)jbh);
首先，需要从gBinderoffsets变量说起：
static struct bindernative_offsets_t
{
// Class state.
jclass mClass;
jmethodID mExecTransact;
// Object state.
jfieldID mObject;
} gBinderOffsets;它有三个成员。而这三个成员的含义，我们可以从下面的代码中了解：
const char* const kBinderPathName = "android/os/Binder"
static int int_register_android_os_Binder(JNIEnv* env)
{
jclass clazz;
clazz = env->FindClass(kBinderPathName);//clazz即Java Binder类
LOG_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class android.os.Binder");
gBinderOffsets.mClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazz);
gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact
= env->GetMethodID(clazz, "execTransact", "(IIII)Z");//mExecTransact指向Binder类的execTrasaction函数
assert(gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact);
gBinderOffsets.mObject
= env->GetFieldID(clazz, "mObject", "I");//mObject指向Binder类的mObject成员
assert(gBinderOffsets.mObject);
return AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods(//注册原生函数
env, kBinderPathName,
gBinderMethods, NELEM(gBinderMethods));
}而register_android_os_Binder函数则会在Dalvik虚拟机启动的时候执行。相似的，还有gBinderInternalOffsets和gBinderProxyOffsets。所以，我们现在可以知道：
env->SetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject, (int)jbh);
的作用就是把JavaBBinderHolder的实例地址，保存到Binder的mObject成员中。其实，类似这样的处理手法在Android中非常常见，例如MessageQueue和NactiveMessageQueue。 android_os_Binder_destroy 理解了init，destory就不难理解了：
static void android_os_Binder_destroy(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj)
{
JavaBBinderHolder* jbh = (JavaBBinderHolder*)
env->GetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject);//从Binder.mObject获得jbh
if (jbh != NULL) {
env->SetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject, 0);
ALOGV("Java Binder %p: removing ref on holder %p", obj, jbh);//设置Binder.mObject=0
jbh->decStrong((void*)android_os_Binder_init);//通过强引用计数，控制自己的生命周期
} else {
// Encountering an uninitialized binder is harmless. All it means is that
// the Binder was only partially initialized when its finalizer ran and called
// destroy(). The Binder could be partially initialized for several reasons.
// For example, a Binder subclass constructor might have thrown an exception before
// it could delegate to its superclass's constructor. Consequently init() would
// not have been called and the holder pointer would remain NULL.
ALOGV("Java Binder %p: ignoring uninitialized binder", obj);
}
}JavaBBinderHolder JavaBBinderHolder的实现比较简单：
class JavaBBinderHolder : public RefBase
{
public:
spget(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj)
{
AutoMutex _l(mLock);
spb = mBinder.promote();
if (b == NULL) {
b = new JavaBBinder(env, obj);//构造JavaBBinder实例，这里的obj参数为java的Binder类
mBinder = b;
ALOGV("Creating JavaBinder %p (refs %p) for Object %p, weakCount=%dn",
b.get(), b->getWeakRefs(), obj, b->getWeakRefs()->getWeakCount());
}
return b;
}
spgetExisting()
{
AutoMutex _l(mLock);
return mBinder.promote();
}
private:
Mutex mLock;
wpmBinder;
};不过，它引入了下一个角色：JavaBBinder。 JavaBBinder
class JavaBBinder : public BBinder
{
public:
JavaBBinder(JNIEnv* env, jobject object)
: mVM(jnienv_to_javavm(env)), mObject(env->NewGlobalRef(object))
{
ALOGV("Creating JavaBBinder %pn", this);
android_atomic_inc(&gNumLocalRefs);
incRefsCreated(env);
}
bool checkSubclass(const void* subclassID) const
{
return subclassID == &gBinderOffsets;
}
jobject object() const
{
return mObject;
}
protected:
virtual ~JavaBBinder()
{
ALOGV("Destroying JavaBBinder %pn", this);
android_atomic_dec(&gNumLocalRefs);
JNIEnv* env = javavm_to_jnienv(mVM);
env->DeleteGlobalRef(mObject);
}
virtual status_t onTransact(
uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0)
{
JNIEnv* env = javavm_to_jnienv(mVM);
ALOGV("onTransact() on %p calling object %p in env %p vm %pn", this, mObject, env, mVM);
IPCThreadState* thread_state = IPCThreadState::self();
const int strict_policy_before = thread_state->getStrictModePolicy();
thread_state->setLastTransactionBinderFlags(flags);
//printf("Transact from %p to Java code sending: ", this);
//data.print();
//printf("n");
jboolean res = env->CallBooleanMethod(mObject, gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact,
code, (int32_t)&data, (int32_t)reply, flags);
jthrowable excep = env->ExceptionOccurred();
if (excep) {
report_exception(env, excep,
"*** Uncaught remote exception! "
"(Exceptions are not yet supported across processes.)");
res = JNI_FALSE;
/* clean up JNI local ref -- we don't return to Java code */
env->DeleteLocalRef(excep);
}
// Restore the Java binder thread's state if it changed while
// processing a call (as it would if the Parcel's header had a
// new policy mask and Parcel.enforceInterface() changed
// it...)
const int strict_policy_after = thread_state->getStrictModePolicy();
if (strict_policy_after != strict_policy_before) {
// Our thread-local...
thread_state->setStrictModePolicy(strict_policy_before);
// And the Java-level thread-local...
set_dalvik_blockguard_policy(env, strict_policy_before);
}
jthrowable excep2 = env->ExceptionOccurred();
if (excep2) {
report_exception(env, excep2,
"*** Uncaught exception in onBinderStrictModePolicyChange");
/* clean up JNI local ref -- we don't return to Java code */
env->DeleteLocalRef(excep2);
}
// Need to always call through the native implementation of
// SYSPROPS_TRANSACTION.
if (code == SYSPROPS_TRANSACTION) {
BBinder::onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
}
//aout << "onTransact to Java code; result=" << res << endl
// << "Transact from " << this << " to Java code returning "
// << reply << ": " << *reply << endl;
return res != JNI_FALSE ? NO_ERROR : UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
}
virtual status_t dump(int fd, const Vector& args)
{
return 0;
}
private:
JavaVM* const mVM;
jobject const mObject;
};原来JavaBBinder继承自BBinder。现在我们终于看到了Native层的Binder接口。从前面几节的内容，我们知道，BBinder代表着用户空间的Binder实体。所以，JavaBBinder也是代表用户空间的Binder实体。 抛开其他次要的部分不谈，我们只关注onTransact函数：
virtual status_t onTransact(
uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0)
{
......
jboolean res = env->CallBooleanMethod(mObject, gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact,
code, (int32_t)&data, (int32_t)reply, flags);//调用Binder实例的execTransact方法
......
}用最简单的视角去分析onTransact函数，我们会发现，它会调用Binder类的execTransact函数，而前面，我们有看到execTransact函数会调用Binder类的onTransact函数，这样，最终就会执行Service的业务逻辑，处理Client的请求。至于JavaBBinder的onTransact函数何时被调用，看过前面两节内容的读者应该就心中有数了，稍后我们会更加具体的分析。 这样，我们现在已经知道在Server端，native层的binder接口是何如与Java接口交互的。接下来，让我们看看Client端 BinderProxy BinderProxy类同样在frameworks/base/core/android/os/Binder.java中：
final class BinderProxy implements IBinder {
public native boolean pingBinder();
public native boolean isBinderAlive();
public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor) {
return null;
}
public native String getInterfaceDescriptor() throws RemoteException;
public native boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
int flags) throws RemoteException;
public native void linkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags)
throws RemoteException;
public native boolean unlinkToDeath(DeathRecipient recipient, int flags);
public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException {
Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
data.writeFileDescriptor(fd);
data.writeStringArray(args);
try {
transact(DUMP_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
reply.readException();
} finally {
data.recycle();
reply.recycle();
}
}
public void dumpAsync(FileDescriptor fd, String[] args) throws RemoteException {
Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
data.writeFileDescriptor(fd);
data.writeStringArray(args);
try {
transact(DUMP_TRANSACTION, data, reply, FLAG_ONEWAY);
reply.readException();
} finally {
data.recycle();
reply.recycle();
}
}
BinderProxy() {
mSelf = new WeakReference(this);
}
@Override
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
try {
destroy();
} finally {
super.finalize();
}
}
private native final void destroy();
private static final void sendDeathNotice(DeathRecipient recipient) {
if (false) Log.v("JavaBinder", "sendDeathNotice to " + recipient);
try {
recipient.binderDied();
}
catch (RuntimeException exc) {
Log.w("BinderNative", "Uncaught exception from death notification",
exc);
}
}
final private WeakReference mSelf;
private int mObject;
private int mOrgue;
}这里，我们只关心transact函数的实现：
static jboolean android_os_BinderProxy_transact(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
jint code, jobject dataObj, jobject replyObj, jint flags) // throws RemoteException
{
......
IBinder* target = (IBinder*)
env->GetIntField(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject);//和前面介绍过的gBinderOffsets相似，gBinderProxyOffsets的mObject成员指向BinderProxy实例的mObject成员
if (target == NULL) {
jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/IllegalStateException", "Binder has been finalized!");
return JNI_FALSE;
}
......
status_t err = target->transact(code, *data, reply, flags);//关键的调用
......
} 从上面的代码可以看到，BinderProxy.mObject成员中保存了C++的IBinder对象的指针，然后通过这个IBinder对象调用transact函数，进行binder通信。transact函数的实现，上一个章节中有介绍，所以BinderProxy的分析也到此为止。
总结
通常，我们（应用开发者）通过aidl来进行binder通信，而aidl实现了
XXXX接口的声明XXXXStub的实现，是对于Binder类的继承，通过onTransact函数来呼叫业务逻辑代码XXXXStub.Proxy的实现，它拥有一个IBinder，通过这个IBinder来实现请求的转发Binder类的mObject成员指向原生层的JavaBBinderHolder实例，而JavaBinderHolder实例的get函数，可以生成JavaBBinder实例，JavaBBinder继承自BBinder，是Server端的Binder实体BinderProxy类的mObject成员指向原生层的IBinder实例，而IBinder通常是一个BpBinder实例，是Client端的Binder代理
仅仅从以上的分析，可能大家无法把整个Java层和C++层Binder通信的过程理清楚，不过没关系，后面我们会分析Service和Binder通信的关系。从中，我们应该可以看到一个完整的Java层Binder通信过程。
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